Covered of Grammar Materials

1.      Tenses

a.       Review on the basic tenses of English in nominal and verbal sentences.

b.      Nominal sentences:

  Subject + be + Noun

  Subject + be + Adjective

  Subject + be + Prepositional Phrase

                        John (be) absent

1.      John is absent now

2.      John was absent last week

3.      John will be absent next week

                        4. John is absent every Saturday

                        5. John has been absent for three days.

           

c.       Verbal sentences: Subject + Verb + (Object)

He (study) English

He is studying English now

He studies English every Friday

He studied English last Monday

He will study English next Friday

He has studied English for 5 months

He has been studying English for 5 months.

The cat eats the meat.

What does the cat eat?

What eats the meat?

The red book belongs to John.

2.      Yes/No questions related to the various tenses previously reviewed.

Auxiliary + Subject + Verb + Complement

Did                  you        go      to Denpasar?

3.      Wh-word questions in various tenses previously discussed.

Question Word + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb + Complement?

Where will you go?

4.      Elliptical constructions

So + Auxiliary + Subject.

Neither + Auxiliary + Subject.

Subject + Auxiliary + too.

5.      The uses of the 24 auxiliaries in English:

Present                         Past

a.       Be:      is

     am                          was

     are                          were

b.      Do:                do                                      did

  does

c.       Have:             have

    has                           had

d.      Modals:  shall                                should

    will                          would

    can                           could

    may                         might

   must

   ought to

                                         used to

   need

   dare

6.      Personal Pronouns in English (Subjective, Possessive (adjective, pronoun), Objective, Reflexive) Personal Pronouns.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Subjective	Possessive		Objective	Reflexive
	Adjective	Pronoun
I	My	Mine	Me	Myself
We	Our	Ours	Us	Ourselves
You	Your	Yours	You	Yourself/Yourselves
They	Their	Theirs	Them	Themselves
He	His	His	Him	Himself
She	Her	Hers	Her	Herself
It	Its	Its	It	itself

7.      Degrees of Comparison.

a.       Positive: as …. as, so …. as.

b.      Comparative: ‘- er’ and ‘more -‘

c.       Superlative: ‘- est’ and ‘most -‘

8.      Passive Voice.

Active:  Subject   +        Verb        + Object

Passive: Subject   + Be + Verb III + Object

do     do/does      doing       did           done

be    is am are     being    was were     been

Exercises:

1.      The bill includes services.

2.      People don’t use this road very often.

3.      They cancelled all flights because of fog.

4.      Somebody accused me of stealing the money.

5.      They are building a new ring road round the city.

6.      I didn’t realize that someone was recording our conversation.

7.      They have changed the date of the meeting.

8.        Brian told me that someone had attacked and robbed him in the street.

9.        Reported Speech (Changing direct speeches into indirect ones).

Reported Speech

Repoting Verb	Reported Speech
	Direct	Indirect
A. Simple Past Tense	- Present Continuous	- Past Continuous
Sb + Vb 2	- Simple Present	- Simple Past Tense
	- Present Future	- Past Future
	- Present Perfect	- Past Perfect
	- Simple Past Tense	- Past Tense/Past PerfectTense
B. Simple Present      Present Future      Present Perfect	Tidak ada perubahan tenses

The forms of the direct speech:

a.       Statements as direct speeches.

b.      Yes/no questions as direct speeches.

c.       Wh-word questions as direct speeches

d.      Imperatives as direct speeches.

He said to me, “…………………….”

1. I am thinking of going to live in Canada.

2. My father is in hospital.

3. Nora and Jim are getting married next month.

4. I have not seen Bill for a while.

5. I’ve been playing tennis a lot recently.

6. Margaret has had a baby.

7. I don’t know what Fred is doing.

8. I hardly ever go out these days.

9. I work 14 hours a day.

10. I’ll tell Jim that I saw you.

11. You can come and stay with me if you are ever in London.

12. Tom had an accident last week but he was not injured.

13. I saw Jack at a party a few months ago and he seemed fine.

14. Did you take my camera?

15. What can I do for you?

16. Can you move those chairs, please?

17. What is your opinion about the AFI program?

18. Don’t enter my room!

9.      Gerund.

a.       Gerund as subject

-          Swimming is my hobby

-          Working all day makes me tired.

b.      Gerund as object

I stop smoking

He objected to attending the meeting

c.       Gerund as Complement

-          My hobby is swimming.

d.      Gerund as noun modifier.

-          Swimming pool, boiling point, working hours.

10.  Present Participle.

a.       Present participle used in progressive tenses

-          She is sweeping the floor.

-          I was watching the program when he came to my house.

-          I have been waiting for you.

b.      Present participle as noun modifier

-          The ones appearing before the noun being modified: swimming boy, dancing girl, running water.

-          The ones appearing after the noun being modified: The boy living next door is my classmate; I don’t know the lady addressing you just now.

c.       Present participle as clause modifier: Verb-ing, Subject + Predicate + Object.

There are three different meanings of present participles as clause modifier:

-          The action in the present participle serves as a reason why the action in clause happens. Raining heavily, I cannot go out for pleasure.

-          To indicate simultaneous activities: Watching TV, my father smoked a cigarette.

-          To indicate activities happening in succession: Having donethe homework, I went out forpleasure.

d.      Adjectival Participle

Verbs in –ing having the same function as adjectives: interesting, exciting, amusing, confusing, etc.

Examples:

- The performance is very interesting

   - Working all day is tiring

     12. Bare infinitives

           These refer to verb forms that are not preceded the word ‘to’ as well as not followed by any suffix.

           Various structural patterns in which bare infinitives are used:

a.       Sbject + Modal + Bare Infinitive

He          can          swim

They can speak English

John can drive a car

b.      Subject + Verbs + Noun/Pronoun + Bare Infinitive

The verbs used in this context are: let, make, know, help, have; see, watch, notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel.

Examples:

-          I let you borrow my bike

-          He made the child cry

-          I saw them cross the street

c.       Subject + Verb + that S – P(Bare Infinitive) + Complement

The verbs used in this context are verbs of proposal: propose, insist, suggest, recommend, advise, it is important, it is necessary.

 Examples:

I advised that John be present at the meeting.

He suggests that the lady attend the meeting.

To Infinitives

a.       Sb + Verb + Obj + to infinitive

             Allow, cause, ask, tell, want, hope, expect, etc

b.It + be + Adjective/Noun + to infinitive

It + be + of + Noun + to infinitive

It is of necessity to study English